We use scenario analysis to assess the macroeconomic effects of carbon transition policies aimed at mitigating climate change. To this end, we employ a version of the ECB’s New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) augmented with a framework of disaggregated energy production and use, which distinguishes...

"This book provides a thorough grounding in the science and economics of climate policy issues and draws key lessons from the longer experiences of central banks in grappling with related challenges. Findings and controversies of climate history and the effects of human activities on climate are...

The observations performed during the eight years do not yet allow us to make any big generalizations, but we can still conclude, that during this period the conditions of the natural environment in Estonia continued to improve. Moreover, exposure of the average population in Estonia to...