money but it is the organising feature of modern economies, giving rise to both episodes of stability and crises. In … constructing this argument I consider both orthodox and heterodox points of view. We analyse equilibrium models of money, and find … that while money can exist in sequence economies with frictions, models of this type give no justification for its creation …

Today all countries have fiat money issued by a central bank. There is no obligation by a central bank to exchange its … money for gold or any other good. Central banks have the monopoly to issue central bank money and have the power to create … their money out of nothing. Creating such a monetary system is functional for a capitalist economy and must be regarded as a …