The federal banking agencies—the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—supervise. They work cooperatively with banks and their remedial powers are so extensive they rarely use them. Oversight is designed to proceed through...

This occasional paper describes how the financial stability and macroprudential policy functions are organised at the ECB. Financial stability has been a key policy function of the ECB since its inception. Macroprudential policy tasks were later conferred on the ECB by the Single Supervisory...

This paper attempts to define, construct a policy framework, and analyze interactions with monetary policy of macroprudential policy. The available pieces of evidence suggest that the effects of the LTV and DTI regulations for financial stability are rather unclear in Korea.It also shows that...

We develop a two-country DSGE model with global banks to analyze the role of crossborder banking flows on the transmission of a quality of capital shock in the United States to emerging market economies (EMEs). Banks face a moral hazard problem for borrowing from households. EME's banks might be...

We exploit variation in the share of seniors across European banking markets to construct an IV for banks' dependence on long-term deposit funding and find that greater long-term deposit funding reduces demand for long-term central bank funding via targeted longer-term refinancing operations...

We examine the response of U.S. (VIX) and German (VDAX) implied volatility indices to the announcement of interest rate policy decisions by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and the European Central Bank (ECB). We confirm prior findings that VIX declines on FOMC meetings days. We present...

This paper is the story of success and failure in the financial markets, the markets for goods and services and in politics. It is a difficult story to tell because the crisis had many causes, but the focus here is on three main factors. First, the incentives that contributed to a credit-fuelled...

This paper examines how a market maker adjusts its holdings of credit default swaps (CDS) in response to changes in CDS spreads over different time intervals and finds mixed evidence. Specifically, the negative correlation between weekly changes in CDS spreads and changes in net CDS positions...

This review of the literature on the 2007–09 crisis discusses the precrisis conditions, the crisis triggers, the crisis events, the real effects, and the policy responses to the crisis. The precrisis conditions contributed to the housing price bubble and the subsequent price decline that led...

I examine the relation between Federal Reserve emergency actions and aggregate U.S. systemic risk during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the COVID-19 crisis. I divide these actions in to three categories: lender of last resort (LLR), liquidity provision, and open market operations (OMO)....