Economic history can offer an independent contribution to the analysis of the conditions of success and the mode of action of different types of monetary integration. Up to now, the debate about the functional mechanisms of monetary unions in the real world has ignored the Habsburg Monarchy. The...

Many central banks implement monetary policy in a way that maintains a tight link between the stock of money and the short-term interest rate. In particular, their implementation procedures require that the supply of reserve balances be set precisely in order to implement the target interest...

The ‘financialization’ of ‘developed’ economies over recent decades has brought us a world in which seemingly near every spot market has a financial market correlate. It has also brought, via the short-termism that it encourages, deindustrialization and productive atrophy. Meanwhile,...