experienced very high inflation or hyperinflation, which had originated in the perestroika period and following the dissolution of … the ruble area. After the introduction of new currencies and stabilization programs in the mid-1990s, inflation moderated …

The marked turnaround in Russia's foreign trade in 2023 exerted strong downward pressure on the Russian rouble, which …, driven in large part by (war-related) fiscal stimulus - officially estimated at around 10% of GDP in 2022-2023. Official data …

derives a 'true' rate of inflation on the basis of the different rates of change of the stock of money in circulation and the … nominal value of retail sales. This true rate of inflation is then used to explain changes in quasi-money balances. We … inflation. The annual rate of inflation of the 'true' price index is approximately 12.4 percent higher than that of the official …

fifth feature in China's economic reform. If monetization is taken to mean a process through which variations in money … interest rate and savings, money and inflation, interest rate and investment, and money and national income do not support the … evidence of such a process in China between the late 1970s and early 1990s …

the implications of digitalisation for measurement, productivity, labour markets and inflation, as well as more recent …, aggregate productivity growth has decreased in most advanced economies since the 1970s. However, it is likely that without the … spread of digital technologies the productivity slowdown would have been even more pronounced, and the recent acceleration in …