The antecedent studies have designed new funding with the intellectual capital money (IKM) upon trading the intellectual capital (IK) to ensure unimpeded access to it and spur its generation and exploitation. This piece examines the static and dynamic behavior of IKM in an open economy. The...

Private entities have recently attempted to invade the realm of central banking activities. This Article identifies this activity as “Shadow Central Banking,” and draws analogies with the previous emergence of “shadow banking” more generally. The “shadow banking” system emerged as a...

This paper analyzes how the determinants of two entrepreneurs’ choice whether to conduct product innovation R&D projects alone, or in a cross license agreement, or in a research joint venture depend on the intrinsic nature of the R&D projects. Results show that in fundamental research -- which...

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) promise many benefits but, if not well designed, they could have undesired consequences, including for monetary policy. Issuing an unremunerated CBDC or a wholesale CBDC does not change the objectives of monetary policy or the operational framework for...

We introduce a unique standards-based approach to the implementation of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in this paper.The paper starts with a brief background of the work done by the authors on a suite of products targeting a digital marketplace to demonstrate competence and familiarity...

Interoperability is a key economic and technical consideration for payment systems. This paper explores the implications of interoperability for central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). CBDCs are digital representations of central bank money. A critical question is how those digital...

In only a few years, central banks have rapidly ramped up research and development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). A growing body of economic research is informing central banks’ efforts, often focusing on the “reserves for all” aspect of CBDCs for retail use. However, CBDCs...

In the course of their growth and their more recent crisis, cryptocurrencies suffered from tremendous volatility. Volatility impaired cryptocurrencies' ability to serve the needs generally associated with currencies, i.e. serve as a store of value as well as a medium of exchange and a unit of...