The demographic transition can affect the equilibrium real interest rate through three channels. An increase in longevity - or expectations thereof - puts downward pressure on the real interest rate, as agents build up their savings in anticipation of a longer retirement period. A reduction in...

It persists in part of the literature that there are two monetary policy models: the monetary base-focused model (aka the money multiplier model/strict money-rule model) and the interest rate-focused model. The former only exists in theory because its implementation (for brief periods in a few...

The coronavirus pandemic triggered strong political action across Europe. Mandatory restrictions to increase social distancing were imposed, commonly known as lockdowns. In some cases, entire countries were virtually locked down for several weeks at a time, contributing to a very severe downturn...