cases, the stringency of the lockdown, and the fiscal and monetary policy response determined the dynamics of portfolio … financing needs in affected economies. Lockdown and fiscal policy measures also led to an increase in portfolio flows; however …

The coronavirus pandemic triggered strong political action across Europe. Mandatory restrictions to increase social … lockdown policy on the excess death rate was at best limited, while the economic costs were significant. The Swedish policy of … those countries that pursued more stringent lockdown policies. While we make no claims of presenting a comprehensive study …

of new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We focus on monetary, microprudential and macroprudential policies designed …