Normal demand will return to pre-pandemic levels only when conditions for living a normal life also gradually come back. And this will not happen before a vaccine is discovered, produced and administered or a cure is in place. The article questions the wisdom of prematurely using recession...

In this paper, we first present the state and the development of the European capital and current account imbalances. We demonstrate how large the heterogeneity among European countries is and that clustering here different types of countries is possible, but that it leads to different groupings...

This paper reviews theory and evidence of the welfare effects of inflation from a costbenefit perspective. Basic models and selected empirical results are discussed. Historically, in assessing the welfare effects of inflation, the distortion of money demand played a prominent role. More...

In practice, central banks have been confronted with a trade-off between stabilising inflation and output when dealing with rising oil prices. This contrasts with the result in the standard New Keynesian model that ensuring complete price stability is the optimal thing to do, even when an oil...

This paper analyzes the optimal monetary policy in a model with a public sector when firms choose prices under incomplete information, and the government can not observe the current state perfectly. We accommodate the notion of Odyssean forward guidance in a framework with a public sector. The...

This paper shows theoretically the linkages among monetary policy rate, the real sector demand for loans with supply shocks, aggregate risks, and social welfare. We prove that a) when the loans’ demand is elastic bank competition and the policy rate decrease risks and increase the amount of...

In this note we discuss two alternative ways of undertaking a social cost-benefit analysis. One approach is the conventional one where benefits and costs are expressed in monetary units. The other approachuses an environmental asset as the payment vehicle. The properties of the two approaches...

We study optimal monetary policy in a general equilibrium economy with heterogeneous agents and nominal rigidities. Households differ in type-specific, state-contingent labor productivity and initial firm ownership, yet markets are complete. The fiscal authority has access to a linear tax...

We investigate the effects of the monetary policy conduct on the domestic capital market for a sample of developed countries where the capital market plays a significant role in the economy. We break down the policy rate innovations in rules-based and discretionary components in order to...

This study investigates the benefits of cash in a general context. First, we explicitly address the arguments of cash critics, who are calling for cash to be abolished altogether. Second, we show that cash plays a crucial role in the current two-tier banking system. Third, we are discussing a...