Central banks worldwide are stepping up actions in relation to climate change and taking on an increasingly important role in supporting the energy transition. Given the prominent role that central banks play in the financial markets and in influencing financing conditions, they can act as a...

A Global currency creation that is backed up by the electric energy potential within sunlight at every point on the surface of the earth averaged within each twenty four hour time frame-blocks as if all that energy potential stored. ( The Bank ) Each citizen of the earth could be issued a...

Climate change has exacerbated extreme weather events; global warming and its effects have been described as unequivocal and unprecedented. It has been recognized that transitioning to a low carbon economy will require large scale transformation. We are witnessing a period in which there are...

What is the effect of climate policies on inflation and economic activity? Answering this question is critical for central banks trying to achieve price stability. This paper studies the experience from existing carbon taxes in Canada and Europe, introduced over the last 30 years. Based on two...

We use scenario analysis to assess the macroeconomic effects of carbon transition policies aimed at mitigating climate change. To this end, we employ a version of the ECB's New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) augmented with a framework of disaggregated energy production and use, which distinguishes...