Targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs) helped supporting bank lending to firms and to households in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of TLTRO funding for mortgage loans to households had explicitly not been included into the targeted loan categories of these schemes,...

This article offers a critical review of the post-pandemic inflation debate. The first section organizes the debate by categorizing the arguments into two broad perspectives: the neoclassical view and the critical political economy view, along with several subcategories. This classification is...

We present the set of measures that the ECB has undertaken to fight the pandemic crisis by outlining the deep impact that COVID-19 is having on economic structures, and by highlighting the differences between the current policy package and previous ECB's programmes. Moreover, we discuss what are...

This study analyzes the effect of monetary policy, measured by interest rates and money supply, on financial markets. Furthermore, it studies the impact of a crisis on monetary policy's influence on financial markets. The stock and the bond market are used to reflect financial markets. This...