"fairness" and "convenience" then it admits unique prices, in the sense of consistent exchange-rates across commodity pairs ij … directed graphs G in a precise sense. The edges of G can be regarded as markets for commodity pairs, and prices play a stronger … role in that the return to a trader depends only on his own offer and the prices. Finally we consider "strongly" minimal …

The objective of the paper is to re-examine the causal relationship between money and prices in Pakistan using recent … relationship between prices and M2 definition of money. The other definitions of money do not seem to be related with prices. The … analysis further suggests a unidirectional causality running from money to prices and thus supporting the monetarists’s claim …

nominal money and nominal income, and between nominal money and prices using the annual data set from 1959-60 to 2003 … money in the Pakistani economy, as it is found to be leading variables in changing prices without any feedback. In the case … due to the price hikes in the early 1970s. We investigate the causal relations between real money and real income, between …

We describe a stochastic economic environment in which the mix of money and trade credit used as means of payment is … find that the equilibrium prices of arbitrary contingent claims to future currency differ from those from one-good cash … monetary policy and for time series analysis using money and trade credit. …