It persists in part of the literature that there are two monetary policy models: the monetary base-focused model (aka the money multiplier model/strict money-rule model) and the interest rate-focused model. The former only exists in theory because its implementation (for brief periods in a few...

The endogenous-exogenous money debate is a futile one. Exogenous money creation, based on the money multiplier, is not a money creation process. Rather, it is a monetary policy model, but in it money is still created endogenously: bank loans (and foreign asset accumulation by banks) concurrently...

The money market has traditionally been defined as the market for marketable short-term securities. It has deep historical roots. Today, it is not an illuminating definition. The genesis of interest rates, which is the quintessence of monetary policy implementation, does not originate in market...

Monetary literature remains plagued by references to money “supply” at a time when the endogeneity of money is becoming generally accepted. Money endogeneity is not a hypothesis; it is a fact, and one that has existed since a goldsmith-banker wrote out the first receipt (bank note) and...

Despite stout efforts by some scholars to demonstrate the logical and direct relationship between bank domestic credit extension (DCE) and M3 growth (because money creation is the outcome of new DCE), there remains, in much of the literature, a disconnection between these two aggregates. The...

There is an immense body of literature on the relationship of money and output, with result-integrity depending on the aggregates used. This paper proposes an alternative two-step approach, based on the reality that: (1) money creation is just the outcome of new bank loans extended, and (2) the...

Many scholars have fought valiantly to change perceptions on the process of money creation. However, misconceptions remain in place some quarters. In order to demonstrate empirically that a new bank loan creates a new bank deposit (without the bank having to recruit a new deposit), the author...

The state of bank liquidity, measured as the banks' net excess reserves (NER) with the central bank, is a critical element of the successful implementation of monetary policy. Central banks have absolute control over NER and manipulate it to bring about a positive NER (in QE periods) to drive...

After the discovery by the goldsmith-bankers that loans could be made by the issue of the newly accepted means of payments, receipts/bank notes, there was an inevitable next step: deposit money. Bank notes are deposits, but in a different form. Bank deposits are also accounting entries, but they...