an innovation rewarding institution. According to our analysis, pharma patents have constituted legal barriers to protect … witnessed by the fact that patent applications are very skewed in the covered trade names and patent thickness expands over time … pharmaceutical firms, between patent portfolio and profit margins. …

competition. I find that in the past decade the fraction of antitrust cases that relate to patents and innovation has increased … size and with patent ownership; smaller firms with more rapid sales growth are also more likely to be charged with …

mechanism whereby later inventors are allowed to share the patent if they discover within a certain time period of the first … granting monopolies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the time window where later inventors can share the patent should become … breadth and the length of the patent and could allow sorting between more or less efficient firms in a differentiated patent …

The patent system is a central tool in innovation policy. The prospect of monopolistic pricing conferred by patent … markups for patent-protected products. Using an original dataset that links a broad range of consumer products to the patents … that protect them, we study the impact of patent protection on product prices. The empirical strategy exploits exogenous …

their innovation activities in response to the potential entry of direct competitors. We then examine a legal ruling that … firms increased their net innovation activities in response to competitive entry. These effects center on firms with … innovation by new entrants after the ruling in response to increased competition. Overall, these results are consistent with …

In the modern theory of growth, monopoly plays a crucial role both as a cause and an effect of innovation. Innovative … that monopoly is neither needed for, nor a necessary consequence of, innovation. In particular, intellectual property is … firms, it is argued, would have insufficient incentive to innovate should the prospect of monopoly power not be present …

For nearly two centuries, an inventor applying for a U.S. patent has been required to obtain the opinion of an expert …. The patenting monopoly, which is almost certainly undesirable, is now being eroded. Rising global trade and technological … sophistication have increased the number of patent filings in every country; government patent offices here and abroad are thus being …