Pricing option contracts on electricity remains methodologically challenging, with a lack of clearly defined and robust methods. In particular, little is known about pricing options in Brazilian energy markets, despite their economic significance. Using weekly price data (R$/MWh) on four...

There are two basic ways to produce steel on a large scale: using iron ore and coal in blast furnaces or employing ferrous scrap in electric arc furnaces. The first requires a larger initial investment but is more competitive in terms of scale gains. The disadvantage is the need for...

Steel is an alloy composed of iron and carbon for which there are two main large-scale production processes: using iron ore and coal as raw materials through a method known as integrated plants with blast furnaces and using iron scrap melted in electrical furnaces, also known as mini-mills or...

Pricing option contracts on electricity remains methodologically challenging, with a lack of clearly defined and robust methods. In particular, little is known about pricing options in Brazilian energy markets, despite their economic significance. Using weekly price data (R$/MWh) on four...