, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence … impact of in-utero exposure to local violence - measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …

, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence … impact of in-utero exposure to local violence – measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …

"One-third of children in the United States are born to unmarried parents. A substantial number of black and Hispanic … children live with a never-married mother. Children of never-married mothers are more likely to drop out of high school, repeat … grades, and have behavioral problems than are children raised in more traditional family structures. But these relationships …

One-third of children in the United States are born to unmarried parents. A substantial number of black and Hispanic … children live with a never-married mother. Children of never-married mothers are more likely to drop out of high school, repeat … grades, and have behavioral problems than are children raised in more traditional family structures. But these relationships …

the likelihood that children drop out of high school, focusing on blacks and Hispanics. Instrumental variables estimates … and child outcomes for blacks and Hispanics, at least for the children of women whose marriage decisions are most affected … by variation in incarceration rates for men. For Hispanics, in particular, we find evidence that these children may …