This paper investigates the responsiveness of individuals' retirement expectations to forward-looking measures of … pension wealth accumulations. While most of the existing literature on retirement has used cross-sectional variation to … identify the effects of pension and Social Security wealth on retirement behavior, we estimate fixed-effects regressions to …

incentives - motivate a worker by adopting leadership styles that differ in their non-monetary consequences for the worker's well …

incentives - motivate a worker by adopting leadership styles that differ in their non-monetary consequences for the worker's well …

as a wage determinant. We furthermore show that a promotion affects both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation significantly …, though in two different ways: An expected promotion increases extrinsic motivation whereas intrinsic motivation is highest … subsequent to a realized promotion. The relationship between extrinsic motivation and expected promotions implies that promotions …

Early studies often found that offering economic incentives for undertaking prosocial and intrinsically motivated … activities can crowd out motivation to perform these activities. More recent work highlights nuanced and important features … related to whether crowding out (or substitution) is likely to occur. In many cases, incentives succeed in encouraging more …