in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

location patterns of multinational firms has actually taken place. To do so, we exploit the changes in U.S. import tariffs in … 2018-2019. The evidence indicates that firms have indeed responded to these new tariffs by adjusting the extensive margin …

We study, theoretically and empirically, how countries choose intra-bloc tariffs and preferential margins when they … to a customs union (where members coordinate external tariffs). Moreover, in customs unions (but not necessarily in free …

environments. Besides traditional tariffs, exporting firms need to comply with regulatory non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the form of … challenge to MNEs' subsidiaries' activity and performance than tariffs do. High-tech manufacturing subsidiaries of foreign MNEs …

The World Customs Organization (WCO, Organization Mondiale des Dounaes, OMD) is an intergovernmental organisation that … 65 years of the Customs Co-Operation Council in Europe and the World. It investigates the WCO history by help of WCO …