in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

On 1 January 2024, Switzerland will implement a major trade policy reform by autonomously eliminating all tariffs on … elimination of industrial tariffs will reduce the net fiscal burden on imports by around CHF 600 million per year. In addition …

data on tariffs and trade covering 130 countries. We show that regionalism has delivered limited effective liberalization …

We study, theoretically and empirically, how countries choose intra-bloc tariffs and preferential margins when they … to a customs union (where members coordinate external tariffs). Moreover, in customs unions (but not necessarily in free …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

environments. Besides traditional tariffs, exporting firms need to comply with regulatory non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the form of … challenge to MNEs' subsidiaries' activity and performance than tariffs do. High-tech manufacturing subsidiaries of foreign MNEs …