During the last decades, the growth of trade between China and the Netherlands has been larger than the increase in … bilateral trade flows between China and most other countries. Using a time series based gravity model, this paper investigates …-house offshoring to China is a major determinant of Dutch import growth from China. Dutch firms tend to offshore production in …

estimate direct and indirect domestic value added in exports of different types of firm. We find that in China, both state … downstream within industries. These findings suggest that SOEs still play an important role in shaping China's exports. …