importance of firm-level productivity and distance-related transaction costs as driving forces of FDI. Yet the timing of FDI has … uncertainty. Likewise, distance-related transaction costs discourage FDI by latecomers considerably less than FDI by early movers. …

assume that investors face costs of control that vary among sectors and increase in distance. The results show that (i … distance may have a non-monotonous effect on the likelihood of horizontal investments, and (iii) that globalization, if … understood as reducing distance, leads to more integration. …

and information costs. Specifically, we examine how distance, coordination mechanisms, and atmosphere influence the level … in two MNCs, we show that relationship atmosphere significantly reduces both types of organizing costs, whereas distance …