This report summarizes 39 detailed ETLA case studies of global value chains (GVCs). The findings suggest that the value added in global value chains is less tied to their tangible aspects than what conventional wisdom suggests. Intangible aspects of GVCs tend to be more important, but their poor...

During the last 10 to 15 years the ownership structure of Finnish business has changed in Finland perhaps more profoundly than in any other European country. Since the early 1990s both portfolio investment by foreigners and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) have grown rapidly. Helsinki...

We study Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as a measure of real investment (gross fixed capital formation) in foreign-owned companies. Our data include firm-level information on FDI in-flows and real investment of foreign-owned companies located in Finland. Our results suggest that the recorded...