Rapid urbanization in developing nations like India has exacerbated urban poverty, with proliferation of slum households. These vulnerable urban settings, with high density and asymmetric availability/accessibility of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), provide an amicable ambience for the...

A partial risk guarantee (PRG) is one of the critical instruments in the blended finance approach that provides partial assurance to the risk investor to lend leveraged capital to the borrower. Under the PRG scheme, philanthropic capital is employed as a risk guarantee to create financial and...

Strong sustainability, according to the common definition, requires that different natural and economic capital stocks have to be maintained as physical quantities separately. Yet, in a world of uncertainty this cannot be guaranteed. To therefore define strong sustainability under uncertainty in...