-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

We report an intriguing empirical observation. The relationship between corruption and output depends on the economy …'s degree of openness: in open economies, corruption and GNP per capita are strongly negatively correlated, but in closed … to poor countries, and if we allow for the possible endogeneity of both the corruption and openness measures. We find …

The present work analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and corruption on the quality of the … environment in the MENA region. Indeed, the magnitude of corruption and the quality of institutions are often cited as the main … recommend greater awareness of the harmful effects of corruption among political and economic actors. …

corruption index in G20 member countries. This study focused on the effect of education on the level of corruption in the G20 … influence the level of corruption for all G20 member countries, developed member countries, and developing member countries …. Secondary education enrolment showed a negative and significant influence on the level of corruption in all categories of …