government and a challenger party in opposition compete in elections by choosing the issues that will key out their campaigns …

Australia, Finland, France, and the United States. This appearance gap gives candidates on the right an advantage in elections … 6% in the 2000-2006 U.S. Senate elections because they fielded candidates who looked more competent. These shifts are … Republicans also won nine of the 15 gubernatorial elections where looks were decisive. Using Finnish data, we also show that …

We set up a model of elections or referendums with two alternatives to study how voter turnout and election outcomes …

and implement public policies, we show that examination takes place in spite of, rather than thanks to, elections …. Elections are needed as a carrot and a stick to motivate politicians, yet politicians who are overly interested in re …

In this paper we examine the impact of tax contracts as a novel institution on elections, policies, and welfare. We …

elections are indeed the appropriate mechanism to punish or to reward the past behaviour of the incumbent. In fact, elections …