model, we argue these results provide credible evidence of the presence of clientelism rather than programmatic politics. …

This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure … parliamentarians' loyalty does play a role in patronage appointments as well as the electoral result in the next electoral competition. …

becomes inferior when a regime's exploitative power rises. -- Politically-Connected Firms ; Clientelism ; Political Stability …