Purpose – The existing literature on real estate investment trust (REIT) capital-structure decisions implicitly excludes either interest payment tax shield benefits or a trust's growth potential. The purpose of this paper is to test the long-term debt leverage decisions of listed property...

Understanding risk-adjusted returns in real estate investment are crucial, but little is known about the risk-adjusted returns for direct real estate. This paper examines risk-adjusted total returns by developing an extended capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to investigate whether direct real...