Economic evaluation in modern health care systems is seen as a transparent scientific framework that can be used to advance progress towards improvements in population health at the best possible value. Despite the perceived superiority that trial-based studies have in terms of internal...

The fundamental problem of external validity is not to generalize from one experiment, so much as to experimentally test generalizable theories. That is, theories that explain the systematic variation of causal effects across contexts. Here we show how the graphical language of causal diagrams...

The rapid advances in financial technology in the past decade have led to a commensurate increase in sophistication for modelling techniques needed by the researchers for the understanding of financial markets. The book aims at equipping graduate students, market analysts and others with a wide...