Population decline is now a reality for most countries in the EU. Many regions are experiencing decline, including the Netherlands. Population decline is a complex issue with many social and economic implications. At the same time, population change strengthens the effect of demographic ageing....

We study neighbourhood externalities caused by large public investments in poor neighbourhoods. A stylised theory of a linear city is proposed to guide interpretation of the magnitude and attenuation of the external effects generated by these public investments. We use a large Dutch nationwide...