norms on cooperation. We find that under the signaling mechanism, less cooperative players disguise themselves in the rule …-following game, but this does not decrease cooperation overall. More importantly, the signaling mechanism has a heterogeneous effect … decreases cooperation in rule-breaking groups. Finally, the signaling mechanism tends to offset the decline of contributions …

In games with costly signaling, some equilibria are vulnerable to deviations which could be "unambiguously" interpreted … in two classes of games. First, in mono-tonic signaling games, only the Riley outcome is immune to this sort of deviation … class of games. Second, we examine a version of Crawford and Sobel's (1982) model with costly signaling, where standard …