It has been well known in financial economics that factor betas depend on observed instruments such as firm specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables, and a key object of interest is the effect of instruments on the factor betas. One of the key features of our model is that we specify...

This paper studies the estimation of integrated volatility functionals, which is essentially a semiparametric two-step estimation problem in the nonstationary continuous-time setting. Different from the classic i.i.d. or stationary setting, a faster-than-$n^{1/4}$ convergence rate for the...