The Great Recession triggered a resurgence of short-time work (STW) throughout the OECD. Several countries introduced from scratch STW or significantly expanded the scope of the programmes already in place. In some countries like Italy, Japan and Germany between 2.5 and 5 per cent of the...

This paper examines the effects of FTAs such as the EU, the NAFTA, and the CER on production, employment, and industrial structure in the OECD. Specifically, this study implements the following two-stage approach. First, it applies an unbalanced nested error components model to the pooled data...

It is widely accepted that structural, institutional and labour market reforms are essential for the development of the OECD and emerging market economies; and that argument has been incorporated into official policy in the EU as part of the Lisbon agenda. Yet there is little analysis in the...

This report outlines Morocco’s social policy response to the Covid-19 pandemic in two main parts. First, it de-scribes the Special Fund dedicated to the management of Covid-19, created in the wake of the health emergency and the subsequent general lockdown from March to June 2020. Second, it...

As a companion piece to the Board paper on Structural Reforms and Macroeconomic Performance: Initial Considerations for the Fund, this paper presents a selection of case studies on the structural reform experiences of member countries. These papers update the Board on work since the Triennial...

One of the main functions of public debt is to smooth taxes and spending over time. In the Covid crisis, the Maastricht deficit restrictions were temporarily suspended to allow for large temporary deficits. As recovery sets in, countries are confronted with the task of consolidating the Covid...