Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers …-in-Differences estimates suggest that firm-provided training and access to skilled workers are not necessarily substitutes: opening the borders …

with respect to the ability of their employees when training is certified by credible external institutions. We apply an … institutions at that the end of apprenticeship training can be signalled to outside employers. Apprenticeship graduates however … cannot signal their work-related ability – measured by a small voluntary bonus paid by the training employer – to the outside …