We examine whether and how teachers' major fields of study affect students' achievement, exploiting within-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school students' data from the Trends in International Mathematics...

Main Trends in Counselling -- The Mirocounselling Model by Ivey -- Egan’s Model of Problem-Management -- Solution-Focused Counselling -- The integrative Model of Ertelt and Schulz: Information structural Methodology (ISM) -- Competence-Oriented Vocational and Career Counselling. .

Mentoring has become an extremely popular policy for improving the retention and performance of new teachers, but we know little about its effects on teacher and student outcomes. I study the impact of mentoring in New York City, which adopted a nationally recognized mentoring program in 2004. I...

We use six years of data on student test performance to evaluate the effectiveness of certified, uncertified, and alternatively certified teachers in the New York City public schools. On average, the certification status of a teacher has at most small impacts on student test performance....