This Element reviews what we know about parental investments and children's human capital in low …-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). First, it presents definitions and a simple analytical framework; then discusses determinants of children …'s human capital in the form of cognitive skills, socioemotional skills and physical and mental health; then reviews estimates …

development, but it is still not clear whether parents respond to changes across time in their child's skills and health. Using … the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, we measure parental investments by considering the time parents spend with … endogeneity issues, we find that parents reinforce for differences in their child's socio-emotional skills, compensate for changes …

in the share of immigrant children between different grade levels within schools is exploited to identify the impact of … immigrant peers. I find that exposure to immigrant children has dissimilar effects on native students' achievements across the …

-income children. Our findings suggest that parental time investments are neutral to early skills gaps, while monetary investments are …