The extraction of hydrocarbons is an inherently hazardous activity with potential grave risks to the general environment. Environmental woes occur during all the stages of oil and gas cycle but more notable during the upstream stage of operations. The upstream stage involves exploration,...

Under international law, state's territorial sovereignty ends at its boundaries and any hydrocarbons reservoirs that straddle across would belong to a different state with control over such territory. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework for...