Open innovation is the subject of increased scholarly debate. A lot of attention has thereby been paid to firm-centered open innovation, characterized by a for-profit motive and the interplay between patents and contracts, resulting in restricted openness. Inspired by the increasing call for...

Open innovation (OI) is high on the commercial and political agenda. It revolves around R&D partnerships, set up to keep up with rapid technological developments. In negotiating such R&D partnerships, the allocation of intellectual property (IP) ownership, in particular patent ownership and...