The European Commission years ago adopted a policy of encouraging the substitution of motor carrier haulage of freight with rail and water carrier haulage, as part of its "green" agenda of reducing fuel consumption, emission of pollutants, carbon intensity, and road congestion. Regarding railway...

The railways of Russia and the CEE countries - generally much more freight oriented, and much more important to their countries' economies, than those of Western Europe - are in the process of restructuring. In most cases the "vertical separation" reform model is being pursued, and reformers are...

During the transformation of planned economies to market economies subsidies can play a dual role: they can be used either to make enterprises viable in a market environment or to perpetuate structural adjustment problems. In consequence they may either foster or distort Community an din a wider...