over eight years I test predictions from both TCE and RBV with regard to the outsourcing of patent related services …

down outsourcing into two types by distinguishing whether or not they involve technology sharing between the two parties … technology-sharing-outsourcing IPRs promote outsourcing of more complex goods to a destination country by guaranteeing the … protection of their technology, (ii) for non-technology-related-outsourcing IPRs attract the outsourcing of less complex products …

both crucial for the emergence of outsourcing. The supplier purposefully avoids industry pro.t maximization to enlarge its …