This article discusses the adoption of clear criteria for the adjustment of the bid price in mandatory bids. The analysis takes place in the context of Article 5 of the EU Takeovers Directive which harmonises mandatory bids, the notion of “equitable price” of shares and the adjustment of the...

One of the fundamental principles of copyright law is the expression vs. idea dichotomy, which states that copyright does not protect ideas but only expressions of ideas. According to this principle, a person who merely contributes an idea to a copyright work cannot claim authorship or joint...

The main thesis of this article is that individuals should own their user-held data. Rapidly developing data processing technologies empowers individuals to collect their data from different sources and retain it in personal data clouds. Such user-held data represents the most accurate,...

Abstract Corporate governance is the combination of rules, process or law by which the business are operated, regulated uncontrolled. The term encompass the internal and external factors That affects the interest of company Stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, suppliers, government...

Despite the longstanding insider trading debate, there is little empirical research on insider trading laws, especially in a comparative context. The article attempts to fill that gap. I find that countries with more prohibitive insider trading laws have more diffuse equity ownership, more...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between investor protection and corporate valuation. “Tunneling effects” which means that the controlling shareholders enrich themselves by expropriating the rights and interests of minor shareholders are usually referred in recent...

We examine how the legal protection of outside shareholders and the appropriative costs that they induce influence the incentives for private firms to go public. A higher degree of protection of shareholders can increase the appropriative costs associated with the conflict between managers and...

This paper examines the origins of investor protection under the common law by analysing the development of shareholder protection in Victorian Britain, the home of the common law. In this era, very little was codified, with corporate law simply suggesting a default template of rules....

This paper examines the origins of investor protection under the common law by analysing the development of shareholder protection in Victorian Britain, the home of the common law. In this era, very little was codified, with corporate law simply suggesting a default template of rules....