Corporate structures with cross-ownership are common in civil law countries. Nevertheless, existing methods remain unable to evaluate control stakes in such structures. This is because cross-ownership induces circularity, and makes it impossible to identify winning coalitions among shareholders....

In this global world many firms present a complex shareholding structure with indirect participation, such that it may become difficult to assess a firm’s controllers. Furthermore, if there are numerous dominant shareholders, the control can be shared between them. Determining who has the most...