We find a highly significant hump shaped relation between Tobin's Q and CEO share ownership for firms under weak external governance (EG), but find no relation for firms under strong EG. These relations illustrate the substitution effect of EG and CEO ownership in mitigating agency problems at...

We find a significant hump-shaped relation between firm valuation and CEO ownership when external governance (EG) is weak, but the relation is insignificant when EG is strong. These interactive effects are identified while controlling for firm-fixed effects. The results imply that CEO ownership...

We explore the influence of investor structure on stock market stability from the perspective of stock price crash risk. First, overall, institutional investors’ shareholdings are positively related to firms' stock price crash risk. Second, after dividing institutional investors into...