This article examines the impact of ownership structure on the likelihood of financial distress of Dutch firms listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (Euronext) from 1992 to 2002. We find that firms with higher levels of managerial shareholdings are less likely to experience financial distress....

As a part of the ongoing liberalization of the marketplace, Chinese regulators adopted the guideline called “Regulation of Equity Incentive Plans (trial)” to allow firms to provide employee incentives through employee stock option plans. Firms began initiating the plans in 2006. We...