The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has committed to a poverty reduction target of 80 million people moved out of poverty between 2010 and 2015 through IFAD-supported programmes. The IFAD9 impact evaluation initiative was launched to quantify the target and demonstrate...

Using the panel data for the Philippines in 2003-2009, the paper estimates a three-level random coefficient model to measure household vulnerability and to decompose it into idiosyncratic and covariate components. It corrects heterogeneity bias using Bell and Jones's (2015) "within-between"...