The nineteenth-century American family experienced tremendous demographic, economic, and institutional changes. By … using birth order effects as a proxy for family environment, and linked census data on men born between 1835 and 1910, we … study how the family's role in human capital production evolved over this period. We find firstborn premiums for …

The nineteenth-century American family experienced tremendous demographic, economic, and institutional changes. By … using birth order effects as a proxy for family environment, and linked census data on men born between 1835 and 1910, we … study how the family's role in human capital production evolved over this period. We find firstborn premiums for …

The strong link between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and children's success in school is well established … child behavioural problems explain, in part, the association between parental SES and child school grades for mathematics … problems. Adverse parenting and behavioural problems are, in turn, associated with low school grades. Our findings also show …