to a child. Instead, they seem to mirror the psychological effects of having, raising, and investing in children …. Parenthood imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant …. Supporting this interpretation, matched adoptive mothers (who do not experience the biological impacts of childbirth) also …

imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher … investments in childcare: Mothers who take extended maternity leave in quasi-experimental settings are more likely to face mental …

imposes a greater mental health burden on mothers than on fathers. It creates a long-run gender gap in antidepressant … differential help-seeking behavior across the sexes or postpartum depression. Instead, they are related to mothers' higher … investments in childcare: Mothers who take extended maternity leave in quasi-experimental settings are more likely to face mental …

document outcomes among individuals with deceased parents. I focus first on minors and find that about 2 million children in … orphan population in the United States. Relative to children with both parents living, these maternal and paternal orphans … program provides extensive (but not universal) support to the child survivor population, with participation in the program …

We provide novel evidence on the impact of a child's health shock on parental labor market outcomes. To identify the … timing of the health shock. We do this by comparing parents across families in similar parental and child age cohorts whose … children experienced a health shock at different ages. We show that these families have very similar characteristics and were …

We provide novel evidence on the impact of a child's health shock on parental labor market outcomes. To identify the … timing of the health shock. We do this by comparing parents across families in similar parental and child age cohorts whose … children experienced a health shock at different ages. We show that these families have very similar characteristics and were …

, fertility, and child education in female birth cohorts surrounding the onset of the region's fertility transition. Fertility … with the educational outcomes of children. As fertility declines, children's grade attainment rises, but their school … enrollment does not. The divergence is partly explained by a split in how women's education relates to fertility and child …

fetuses. We investigate their impact on son-biased fertility stopping behavior, parental investments in girls relative to boys …, and the relative chances of girls surviving after birth. We find a moderation of son-biased fertility, erosion of gender … gaps in breastfeeding and immunization, and complete convergence in the post-neonatal mortality rates of boys and girls …

This paper studies the causal effect of parental death on children's mental health. Combining several nationwide … and girls losing their mothers. Depression is the most common cause of hospitalization in the first three years following … children. …