This paper studies the effects of the apprenticeship system on innovation and labor market polarization. A stylized …) from the firm's perspective, when training apprentices, technological innovation is costly since training becomes obsolete …

This study identifies clusters of U.S. and Canadian metropolitan areas with similar knowledge traits. These groups … - ranging from Making Regions, characterized by knowledge about manufacturing, to Thinking Regions, noted for knowledge about … activities. In addition these knowledge-based clusters help explain the types of regions that have levels of economic development …

native and foreign STEM graduates have statistically significant and economically large effects on innovation. Together these … results suggest that policies that increase the stocks of both foreign and native STEM graduates increase innovation and …

Understanding the factors that may produce a sustained rate of innovation is important for promoting economic … development and growth. In this paper, we examine the role of human capital in firms' innovation by using a large sample of … small and medium sized cities. Patent applications are used as the measure of innovation. Human capital indicators used …