Introduction -- Methodology -- Theory: Community Governance and Patenting in Science -- Policy Analysis: Patenting for the Third Mission -- Empirics: Patenting Motives in Basic Science -- Synthesis: Contextual Patent Functions -- Summary.

This paper analyses the nature of knowledge spillovers from research and development (R&D) in the field of liquid crystal display technology by estimating the impact of inventors' changing organizational and collaborative affiliations on the probability of citations in US patents filed between...

We reconsider the justifications of R&D subsidies by Spencer and Brander (1983) and others by allowing firms to pool R&D investments and license innovations. In equilibrium R&D joint ventures are formed and licensing occurs in a way that eliminates the strategic benefits of R&D investment in the...