Policy makers typically interpret positive relations between venture capital investments and innovations as an evidence that venture capital investments stimulate innovation (quot;VC-first hypothesisquot;). This interpretation is, however, one-sided because there may be a reverse causality that...

For the sample period of 1965-1992, Kortum and Lerner (2000) find that venture capital (VC) investments have a positive impact on patent count at industry level, and this impact is larger than that of R&D expenditures. We confirm that this positive impact continued to be present and became even...