This paper examines FRAND issues in India. From an institutional perspective, India's FRAND cases do not effectively establish the appropriate role for antitrust in FRAND. On the one hand, there is the potential for hold-up and anti-competitive conduct in the FRAND setting. Such situations would...

In the last several years, India has raised several novel and controversial concerns regarding standard-essential patents (SEPs). For example, in 2013 and 2014, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) issued investigation orders against Ericsson, alleging that the company violated its...

Since becoming fully operational in October of 2009, the CCI has brought two public investigations involving SEPs, both against Ericsson and both based upon allegations that the company violated its FRAND commitments by imposing discriminatory and “excessive” royalty rates and using NDAs....

Investigations and litigation involving standard-essential patents (SEPs) have been brought around the world. In the last several years, India has drawn attention to itself by raising several novel and controversial concerns regarding SEPs. For example, in 2013 and 2014, the Competition...

This Essay discusses antitrust-related FRAND issues in China. In Part I, the Essay provides an overview of China's antitrust regime and its interaction with intellectual property rights. In doing so, the Essay offers an explanation of the nature of the Chinese antitrust regime that builds upon...

The legal nature of FRAND in the United States has evolved into a complex, integrated system that includes aspects of patent law, contract law, and antitrust law. A SEP owner who fails to commit to FRAND licensing may potentially incur antitrust liability if a SEP is intentionally concealed...

Under what conditions may the holder of standard-essential patents (SEPs) seek to enjoin an infringing implementer without breaching the SEP holder's contract with the standard-setting organization (SSO) to provide access to those SEPs on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) terms? I...